The WFN Nominating Committee announces the candidates for the following positions. The Council of Delegates will vote during the WFN elections at the upcoming World Congress of Neurology in Kyoto, Japan.

President

• Professor William M. Carroll, Australia
• Professor Wolfgang Grisold, Austria

Vice President

• Professor Ryuji Kaji, Japan
• Professor Renato J. Verdugo, Chile

Elected Trustee

• Professor Riadh Gouider, Tunisia
• Professor Man Mohan Mehndiratta, India

By W. (Bill) M. Carroll, MB, BS, MD, FRACP, FRCP(E)

W. (Bill) M. Carroll, MB, BS, MD, FRACP, FRCP(E)

Recently, there has been an explosion of health awareness recognized by individuals, nations, and the global community. The decade of the brain was followed by the human genome project, accompanied by the near eradication of malaria and polio. Yet, we now stand at the threshold of even more rapid advances on many fronts.

3-D printing of the human heart is being used in planning cardiac surgery. Next-genome sequencing is revolutionizing old concepts of disease. Gene therapy shows success in some inherited neuropathies (spinal muscular atrophy) and myopathies (Duchenne muscular dystrophy). Precision medicine is no longer an aspiration in some diseases and countries, and the ability to use publicly accessible data via expanding cloud technologies is yielding unexpected information and the repurposing of medications. Conversely, the cost of drug development, especially in bringing them to market, is becoming prohibitive, exacerbating the accessibility of therapies in many countries.

For the thoughtful and the less fortunate, it is obvious that the developing progress, while exciting and to be celebrated, is creating problems that need to be addressed. The increasing burden of non-communicable diseases (NCD) adds up to what can only be viewed as a potential tsunami for the economies of the world. These NCDs include mental (neurological) and substance-abuse disorders; musculoskeletal disorders; neurodegenerative conditions such as dementia, stroke and Parkinson’s disease; poor lifestyle choices in diet and exercise; and the effects of unhealthy environments¹ together with the changing demographic of aging populations in so-called developed countries.

Those people and countries least able to afford the advances and/or mobilize services to adjust to them will see a widening gap, not only in these areas of disease but also in their ability to respond to the periodic recrudescence of infectious disease. This was seen with the outbreaks of Ebola, MERS, SARS, and, most recently, the Zika emergency. It is not by chance that the recent waves of mass migration have occurred as much because people seek better lifestyles (and health services) as fleeing armed conflict.

It is in this environment that those in the neurological fraternity need to mobilize and prepare measures at a number of levels that will mitigate the consequences of these changes. To begin, we must look at the magnitude of the problems facing us. Then, we will evaluate the resources we have available. Finally, we will view three illustrations of how those resources can be optimized to provide the organizational readiness for rapid and effective action as well as long-term planning on a national, regional, and global scale.

The Problem

The global burden of neurological disease figures as a relatively small fraction of the global burden of all disease (GBD) for a range of reasons². Although not included in the WHO 2014 global status report on NCDs³, stroke and dementia are of major concern to clinicians and national health systems.

The annual stroke toll is approximately 15 million, with one-third being fatal and another third permanently disabling. Indeed, stroke mortality is double that of HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis combined, emphasizing the rising burden of brain NCDs. With rates of dementia estimated to triple from 47.5 million to 115 million worldwide by 2050^4, it is clear that the world faces a rising impost on resources.

Currently, the total burden of mental, neurological, and substance abuse (MNS) is now reckoned to be 258 million disability-adjusted life years — a measure of overall disease burden expressed as the number of years lost due to ill health, disability, or early death. That is up from 182 million in 1990, which has been equated to a $8.5 trillion (U.S.) loss of economic value now, and which will increase again by a factor of two by 2030⁵.

With the addition of other NCDs to stroke and dementia, it is clear that the world neurological fraternity must act in concert and alert governments. Those other NCDs include age-related Parkinson’s disease and other chronic neurodegenerative disease, perinatal injury largely due to asphyxia, childhood developmental and degenerative disease, schizophrenia, high levels of traumatic brain disease, all causes of epilepsy, substance and alcohol abuse, and rising neuroinflammatory disease of the brain and spinal cord.

While world neurological expertise has been steadily advancing partly in parallel with the recognition of the increasing challenges on the horizon and partly with the advances in medical science, it is far from equitably distributed. When the widening gap between well-developed countries with comprehensive health care and those less developed populations and health care systems is appreciated, the likelihood for an emergency is evident⁶.

Resources

There are a number of valuable resources available. These include measures of the GBD and specific problem areas, such as the NCDs, BNCDs, and MNSs, as well as WHO monitoring for more acute challenges to health through national health departments and WHO’s regional structural organization. (The WHO regional organization mirrors approximately that of the WFN). The periodic assessments of the GBD by the WHO and the Atlas of Neurology (a joint WHO-WFN project) provide the broad sweep, big picture view of resources and needs.

The WFN itself plays an important and growing role in the equalization of access to neurological care both through regional organization support and neurological education. The establishment of the African Academy of Neurology (AFAN) and its first meeting in Tunis this year are illustrative. It joins the expanding roles of other WFN regional organizations, including the Pan American Federation of Neurological Societies (PAFNS), the Australasian and Oceanian Association of Neurology (AOAN), the Pan Arab Union of Neurological Societies (PAUNS), the American Academy of Neurology (AAN), and the European Academy of Neurology (EAN).

Neurological training, the improvement in access to neurological care, and an increasing awareness of the importance of brain health in the general population are furthered by World Brain Day (WBD)⁷ and the biennial World Congress of Neurology (WCN). The WFN, in partnership with AFAN, has followed the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) program to train young African specialists. The WFN plans to have four regional training centers in Africa — two each for the Francophone and Anglophone regions. Additional emphasis of WFN involvement at a global level was given by WFN President Raad Shakir as chair of the Neurosciences Topic Advisory Group for the WHO-sponsored International Classification of Disease (ICD-11), due for release in 2018.

More generally, other areas are developing, which will enhance the ability to respond to challenges. Increasingly rapid communication through electronic media, including social media, draws attention to emerging problems. The maturation and expanding expertise of neurological subspecialties and their involvement in wider educational activities (e.g. the International League Against Epilepsy, the World Stroke Organization, and the Movement Disorders Society) as well as the added interest of the larger regional neurological organizations, such as the AAN and EAN, provide a rich resource of intellectual and monetary capital.

Over the last few years, the WFN has provided a focal point for those involved in the medical care of neurological disease through two similar, though importantly different, groups. The first is the World Brain Alliance (WBA). Originally chaired by Vladimir Hachinski, MD, when he was WFN president, it is now chaired by Dr. Shakir. The WBA members include, in addition to the WFN, global organizations that usually do not include neurologists, such as the WFNS, the International Brain Research Organization (IBRO), the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), the International Child Neurology Association (ICNA), and the World Federation of Neurorehabilitation (WFNR). The second group is the Global Neurology Network (GNN) for which the WFN is the current convener and whose members mainly include neurological disease-specific organizations from around the world. Many were originally part of the WFN but have grown to be independent organizations. They include the World Stroke Organization (WSO), the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), the Multiple Sclerosis International Federation (MSIF), the Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (TRIMS) Group, Alzheimer’s Disease International, the Movement Disorder Society, the International Headache Society, the International Society for Clinical Neurophysiology, the Peripheral Nerve Society, and the Tropical Disease Group. Closely associated with this category of disease-specific organizations are both large regional organizations supporting all neurological subspecialties, such as the AAN and the EAN, and the smaller WFN-affiliated regional organizations, such as the AOAN, PAUNS, PAFNS, and AFAN.

Together, these two groups create an impressive global alliance of neurological expertise. It is an alliance appropriately suited to provide global disease-specific advice to international organizations, such as the WHO and the U.N., and to advocate with these organizations and national governments. It is an alliance worthy of the term Global Neurology Alliance.

Recent Examples of United Action

The most critical function of a global alliance of neurological organizations is the ability to formulate, organize, and execute rapid and effective policy or reaction. A powerful advocacy initiative that can mobilize governments and NGOs is of enormous value to those under threat, and it is the rapidity of communication and the common understanding of the advocating group that empower these initiatives as a force for good.

Underlying this ability are two fundamentals. The first is an intimate understanding by the subspecialty organization in the national, regional, and global spheres of all matters affecting practitioners and patients. The second is the intercommunication among the various subspecialty organizations facilitated by the GNN. Regular meetings, updates on activities, and a common understanding of the means to reach their constituencies contribute to the effectiveness of the network.

Recent examples of where this alliance has been called to mobilize and has proven its worth are the 2015 Zika virus outbreak, the WHO initiative on NCDs, and the crisis over the WHO classification of stroke as a circulatory rather than neurological disease.

The outbreak of the arthropod-borne (Aedes aegypti) Flavivirus crisis, known as Zika virus, in April 2015 in Brazil, was designated by the WHO in February 2016 as a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC)⁸.

Zika was first found in Uganda in 1947, and the first outbreak of disease occurred in Micronesia in 2007. The South American outbreak was much worse. The primary infection was often asymptomatic or relatively banal, comprising arthromyalgia, a light rash, or a low-grade fever. The major secondary effects were of brain neuronal migration injuries to the fetuses of pregnant women manifesting often, but not solely, as microcephaly, and a postinfectious neuropathy resembling Guillain-Barré syndrome.

Given the unknowns with this outbreak and the urgency to gather information, a committee, headed by John England, MD, was constituted, assisting the global investigation of the outbreak. The committee was supported by WFN resources through the regional organization in South America, the expertise within the organization, and the rapidity with which the WFN could respond to assist. PHEIC status was ceased in November 2016.

The NCD initiative, launched in 2011 by the WHO following the GBD report highlighting the impact of NCDs⁹, concentrated on cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and respiratory disease. Omitted were major illnesses central to brain health, such as dementia and stroke. The omission was questioned by the global neurological fraternity. The WFN, through its role as WBA convener and led by Dr. Shakir, waged a campaign to have brain NCDs included in the initiative⁵.

How did such a situation arise? It seems that because the WHO viewed stroke and dementia not to be brain diseases but rather as circulatory and mental disorders, respectively, they were not included as risks to brain health. There are historical reasons for this view, which were defended by the WHO, but ICD-11 brought this matter to a head. In doing so, it also provides an illustration of the value of a global neurological alliance.

The ICD is revised every decade. ICD-10 was adopted in 1990, and in 2007 the revision ICD-11 was commenced under the supervision of the Revision Steering Group, which took advice from a number of Topic Advisory Groups (TAGs). The ICD-11 Neurology TAG was constituted in 2011 under the leadership of Dr. Shakir. Soon after this process commenced, stroke was apparently accepted as a disease of the brain. When the beta version of ICD-11 was published in 2016, the neurological and stroke fraternities were astounded to find that stroke had been changed to a circulatory disease.

Clarity as to the reason stroke had been omitted from the NCD initiative had arrived. Stroke was not a brain disease. The decision galvanized the neurological and stroke communities. After considerable effort, it was determined that the powerful statistics group within the WHO had been at the forefront of the opposition to the change initiated by the Neurology TAG. While the grounds for such opposition were reasonable and based on a desire to obtain the best longitudinal epidemiological data, it effectively “hid” the impact of stroke in the global community and paid little heed to the growing evidence of the contribution of cerebrovascular disease to dementia and NCDs in general.

There followed initial correspondence to Lancet¹⁰ by the WFN and WSO, and the formation of an ad hoc advisory group through the recruitment of national departments of health to voice opposition to the way stroke was handled by the WHO. A number of important face-to-face and telephone meetings took place, as well as a review of the evidence, from the WSO perspective, of why stroke should not be classified as only a circulatory disease. Through an innovation introduced in ICD-11, multiple parenting was possible. This, together with the weight of argument, has seen stroke, as of April 2017, classified as a cerebrovascular disease in the current beta version of ICD-11—an event described by many as momentous. (See the President’s Column.)

Conclusion

It is no accident that these external initiatives of the WFN and partners have been successful. The ability to respond rapidly, to gather expertise, and to plan and implement the agreed approach, while maintaining the flexibility to adapt to developments, are the prime reasons. That there has been an immediate sense of shared purpose, and the acknowledgement that together we are better able to present the arguments firmly and authoritatively, has no doubt assisted. The foresight of the originators of these two groups has to be praised, as does the leadership of the current WFN president and the members of the WBA and GNN.

With the world facing continuing uncertainties, it is likely we shall see more reasons to be grateful for the contributions made by these groupings and to possibly have periodic joint meetings. In practice, these groups and their membership represent a truly global neurological alliance. •

W. (Bill) M. Carroll, MB, BS, MD, FRACP, FRCP(E), is first vice president of the WFN and is the WFN convener for the Global Neurology Network.

References:

1. Vos T et al Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380:2163–96.
2. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2015; 386: 743–800.
3. Global Status Report on Noncommunicable Diseases 2014. WHO ISBN 978 92 4 156485 4.
4. Prince M et al. The global prevalence of dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Alzheimer’s and Dementia. 2013; 9: 65-75.
5. Shakir R Brain health: widening the scope of NCDs. Lancet 2016,387: 518-519).
6. Income inequality: The gap between  rich and poor. OECD insights 2015.
7. Wasay M et al. World Brain Day 2016 celebrating brain health in an ageing population. Lancet neurology 2016;15:1008.
8. Zika virus and complications: 2016 Public Health Emergency of International Concern. WHO Int on line.
9. Bloom D E et al. 2011 The global economic burden of non-communicable diseases. Geneva: World Economic Forum.
10. Shakir R et al. Revising the ICD: stroke is a brain disease. Lancet 2016, 388: 2475-2476.

By Giordani Rodrigues dos Passos, MD

Giordani Rodrigues dos Passos, observer (left), Mrs. Vanessa Spyropoulos, clinical nurse specialist in the MS program, and Dr. Yves Lapierre, director of the MNH Multiple Sclerosis Clinic.

One month after completing my neurology residency in Brazil, I had the opportunity in March to participate in the Canadian Department Visit Program, during which I served as an observer at the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI).

The administrative staffs of the WFN and the MNI were excellent, both before and during my stay in Montreal. My schedule was arranged by Dr. Anne-Louise Lafontaine, who made sure to take my main interests into account.

My activities included:

• Clinics of multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, neuromuscular disorders, and movement disorders at the Montreal Neurological Hospital (MNH) for three weeks
• Neurology wards and consultation at the Montreal General Hospital (MGH) for one week
• Weekly grand rounds and teaching sessions at both the MNH and the MGH
• Weekly meetings with the PET team at both the Brain Imaging Center/MNH and the Douglas Institute
• Meetings with professors and PhD students to discuss specific areas of interest

My main interest is MS, which is roughly 10 times more prevalent in Canada than it is in Brazil. From a clinical perspective, this observership was remarkable because I saw several dozen MS patients, covering a wide range of clinical aspects and treatment strategies.

A number of elements stood out for me relating to the functioning of the MNI and the health care system in Canada. They included:

Dr. Anne-Louise Lafontaine (center), chief of the Department of Neurology of the McGill University Health Center, and Giordani Rodrigues dos Passos (third from the right), observer, with neurology residents and medical students during rounds at the Montreal General Hospital.

Health care and research are closely integrated with mutual benefits.

The MNI is remarkably able to communicate its actions and achievements to the scientific community as well as the patients and society as a whole. This increases its ability to raise additional funds for research.

Multidisciplinary teams at the clinics and in the wards improve significantly both the neurologists’ work and patient outcomes.

Canadian neurology residents receive more in-depth training on neuroanatomy, pathophysiology, and semiology than most of their Brazilian counterparts.

Many of these elements could be implemented in my workplace, an 800-bed university hospital in southern Brazil. What I learned at the MNI will improve my practice as a neurologist and researcher in the coming years. It also will serve as a lesson when I have opportunities to participate in my hospital’s institutional decisions.

Dr. Jack Antel (left), professor at McGill University and president of the Americas Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis, and Giordani Rodrigues dos Passos, observer, at the Montreal Neurological Hospital.

A minor drawback of my observership was the March break, which took place during my first couple of weeks there. During this time,  some of the clinic’s work was suspended, and some of the attending neurologists were away from the hospital. Even though I was able to find alternative clinical or academic activities to fill my schedule, I suggest the next observers be advised of the March break and encouraged to choose another month for their MNI visit.

Overall, this was an inspiring, career-changing experience. I recommend the Canadian Department Visit Program for other young neurologists. I congratulate the WFN, the Canadian Neurological Society, and the MNI for fostering education in neurology, and I am grateful for this opportunity. •

Giordani Rodrigues dos Passos, MD, works in the Department of Neurology at São Lucas Hospital in Porto Alegre, Brazil.

By Dr. Boubacar Maiga

The staff of the Department of Neurophysiology of Mohamed-V University of Rabat Sitting (from left): Prof. Halima Belaidi, Dr. Fatiha Lahjouji, and Prof. Nazha Birouk. Standing (from left): Dr. Bouchra Kably, and Profs. Alassane Dravé, Youannes Debebe, Boubacar Maiga, Fatima Hassane Djibo, Reda Ouazzani, and Leila Errguig.

I would like to thank the WFN for giving me the opportunity to have a fellowship in clinical neurophysiology at the University Mohamed-V in Rabat in Morocco. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Prof. Mustapha El Alaoui Faris, the coordinator of the Rabat Center, for his advice and follow-up during my successful training. I also thank Prof. Reda Ouazzani, the head of the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, for his warm welcome and nice teaching. I also thank the department team: Profs. Nazha Birouk, Halima Belaidi, and Leila Errguig, and Drs. Fatiha Lahjouji and Bouchra Kabli.

My training took place every week, from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m., Monday through Friday. I performed all of the neurophysiological explorations under the supervision of Prof. Ouazzani. In the department, I had the same activities as the Moroccan residents in neurology and neurophysiology.

Video EEG: I participated in the recording, reading, and interpretation of video EEGs for patients with epilepsy. I interpreted the EEGs alone at first, and then I discussed the EEG patterns with one of the professors in the department.

EMG: Initially, I practiced EMG under the supervision of the professors. Then, I practiced EMG alone and discussed the protocol and patterns with one of the professors in the department.

• Evoked potential exploration: I did time-to-time evoked potentials with Dr. Kably.
• Neuromuscular outpatient visits: I regularly attended the outpatient consultations on neuromuscular diseases with Prof. Birouk.
• Epileptology: I attended the epileptology consultations with Profs. Ouazzani and Belaidi.

The first six months were focused on EEG and epilepsy, and the focus in the last six months was on EMG and neuromuscular diseases.

Scientific Activities

I attended the departmental conference from 2:30 to 4 p.m. on Thursdays. There, we discussed interesting EMG and EEG cases selected from Monday through Wednesday. The last Friday of every the month, we held a multidisciplinary conference in the morning involving all of the neurology departments of the hospital. An oral presentation was made by each department, and the presentation was debated. In the afternoon, we had a multidisciplinary conference that included neurologists, neurosurgeons, and neuroradiologists at the National Center of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation inside the hospital Hôpital des spécialités.

Congresses and Meetings

With the support of the Moroccan Society of Neurology, I had the opportunity to attend the following meetings and congresses:

• May 5-7, 2016: The National Congress of the Moroccan Society of Neurology in Marrakesh
• May 19-21, 2016: The Maghreb Congress of Neurology in Alger
• Oct. 13-15, 2016: The course on Movement Disorders, organized by the Movement Disorders Society and the Moroccan Association of Movement Disorders in Marrakesh.
• Nov. 10-12, 2016: The Autumn Congress of the Moroccan Society of Neurology in Rabat. At the conference, I received an award for the best poster communication.
• March 15-18, 2017: I presented an oral communication, “Phrenic Nerve Conduction Study in Six Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Review of the Literature,” at the African Academy of Neurology Conference, in Hammamet, Tunisia.
• March 28-31, 2017: Les Journées de Neurologie de Langue Française, the annual French meeting of neurology, in Toulouse.
• April 27, 2016: I attended a course of Prof. Fabrice Bartolomei from Marseille on epilepsy and sleep.
• I attended two seminars for residents of anatomy and physiology of the nervous system, organized by Faculty of Medicine of Rabat.
• March 10-11, 2017: I attended an EMG Practical Workshop on Traumatic Nerve Injuries, animated by Prof. Emmanuel Fournier of Paris and Prof. Nazha Birouk of Rabat, in Marrakech.

To enhance my knowledge on the theoretical level, I enrolled in the University Diploma on EMG and on EEG.

I am satisfied with my fellowship in the Department of Neurophysiology at Rabat. Thank you for the scientific environment and the availability of the whole team of the department. I had an excellent stay in Rabat, during which I gained knowledge in both EEG and epileptology, as well as in EMG and in neuromuscular diseases.

I believe I will be able to pass on the knowledge in neurophysiology that I acquired in Rabat to my colleagues in Mali and help improve the practice of neurophysiology in my country.

I am planning to use EEG and EMG at the teaching hospital of Point G to support the clinical evaluation needs of patients with epilepsy. I will do an EEG evaluation of study participants in a research project on autism in Mali. I am currently designing a study on EEG biomarker identification in autistic children.