World Brain Day in India

By Chandrashekhar Meshram, Nirmal Surya and U. Meenakshisundaram

World Brain Day 2022 was celebrated with great fanfare and enthusiasm in India, and the campaign was extended over a week. This year’s theme “Brain Health for All” was appropriate, and it generated a lot of interest. Although the Dynamic President of the Indian Academy of Neurology (IAN) Nirmal Surya had given an ambitious target of 100 activities during the week, we ended up doing many more events across the country. The activities were focused on increasing awareness of common people and students about brain health and neurological diseases.

Dr. Chandrashekhar Meshram, chief coordinator of public education activities of IAN, had issued the press release. Participation of WFN President Prof. Wolfgang Grisold in four national webinars brought a lot of cheers for the organizers.

The spectrum of activities included webinars, drawings, paintings and poster competitions, sports events, a walkathon, Run for Brain, school and college talks, public talks, interviews on radio, television, and newspapers, and social media interactions.

The weeklong celebration ended with a concluding function attended by Prof. Grisold. Doing so many activities was an extremely satisfying experience, and this event will certainly contribute toward promotion of brain health and early diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of neurological disorders and in turn improving patient care.

Subsection Webinars—6 Activities

Man Monahan Mehndiratta, chair, and Abhishek Shrivastava, convener of Neurorehabilitation subsection of IAN, conducted four webinars: Brain Health, Neuroplasticity—Rewiring the Brain, Cognition and Brain Health, and Update on Neuromodulation.

The webinar by Epilepsy Foundation was organized by Nirmal Surya.

The webinar was organized by Tamil Nādu and Puducherry Association of Neurologists under guidance of Sunil Narayan and K. Ramadoss.

Activities at Different Centers

Nagpur—14 Activities Plus 43 Publications

All India Radia talks and interviews of Chandrashekhar Meshram on Brain Health for All, Dhruv Batra on Parkinson’s Disease, Satish Lahoti on Stroke, Vasant Dangra on Epilepsy, Abhishek Wankar on Dementia, Vaibhav Nasre on Head Injury, and Shyam Babhulkar on Headache were relayed daily during the week.

Talks in four Schools: Hadas High School, Somalwar High School, Sainath High School, and Gayatri Convent in Nagpur by Vasant Dangra, Dhruv Batra, Anand Somkuwar.

Two interviews of Chandrashekhar Meshram on Awaaz India TV and Doordarshan TV

Walk for Your Brain Walkathon was organized in Nagpur on July 24 and various placards carrying important messages were displayed.

Newspaper Publications—43 publications during the week highlighted the event, as these contributed immensely toward public health awareness and education.


Chennai—10 Activities

World Brain Week started with a cake-cutting ceremony. Daily lectures: U. Meenakshisundaram on Brain Health, Ritesh Nair on Stroke, U. Meenashisundaram on Parkinsonson’s Disease, Head Injury, Ravikumar on Headache, Epilepsy, and Brain Tumors. Poster and quiz competition received overwhelming response. The posters were exhibited, and the best entries were given awards. U. Meenakshisundaram gave a talk on Red FM on Brain Health.


Bangalore—14 Activities

Suvarna Alladi and NIMHANs team organized a cricket match with cricketer Robin Uthappa who is brand ambassador of Karnataka’s brain health initiative. Policymakers, patients, care givers, institutional heads, and neurologists participated in the event. Karnataka Health Minister K. Sudhakar inaugurated the first of its kind brain health clinic in the Bangalore Hospital. It was supported by six newspaper publications. Amit Kulkarni delivered a public talk at Global Institute of Technology. Suryanarayan Sharma gave lectures in two colleges, and also at Toyota Industries. He organized the painting competition for school children. His interview was published in the newspaper and he did two digital platform activities. B. K. Madhusudan gave a talk at the university and had one Facebook live event on brain health.


Nellore—8 Activities

Bindu Menon organized eight activities in Nellore during the week.

Day 1: Awareness to Shar Employees on stroke prevention. Awareness to Lions Club of Nellore. Time Is Brain: Adani Group. Webinar on neurological health, hero group of employees. Topic on stroke, SembCorp Group employees. Topic on responding to stroke and preventing stroke, SBI Main branch. Interactive session on improving children’s brain health, NeuroVoice podcast welcomed Mrs. Padma Subrahmanyam, founder and Director Rainbow School, Nellore who spoke about the challenges children face, the way forward, and how to improve brain health. Eight stalls were arranged for patients, caregivers, and accompanying persons at Apollo Hospital premises. Each stall focused on the prevention campaign run on one risk factor.


Delhi—9 Activities

Public health lecture on brain health issues in school children was organized by Sheffali Gulati and her team at AIIMS, New Delhi. Web-based application for dyslexia children was launched on occasion of WBD.

Program of Sheffali Gulati, Debashish Choudhary on DD Kissan. Public lecture series was organized at G B Pant Hospital. Debashish Chaudhury gave a talk on brain health, Rohit Bhatia on stroke, Ashish Duggal on headache and Swapan Gupta on epilepsy. This was followed by a panel discussion. The event was also showcased on Doordarshan. Rajinder Dhamija gave a talk at Institute of Human Behavior and Allied Sciences. Two talks were given by P. N. Ranjan.


Gurgaon—7 Activities

Manish Mahajan and Sumit Singh organized the press conference and explained the concept of brain health. Talks in Amity International School and Shiv Nagar School Gurgaon by Sumit Singh and Manish Mahajan of Artemis Institute. Students of AIS performed the nukkad to convey the message of brain health. Manish Mahajan gave a talk on Facebook Live. Health talk at Make My Trip head office was given. Article was published in Punjab Keasari newspaper.


Chandigarh—5 Activities

Director PGIMER Chandigarh Dr. Vivek Lal conducted innovative sessions during the week. Programs like Train the Brain poster-making competition in Chandigarh Schools, Games for brain slogan writing competition, No Stain on Brain distribution of educative material and public awareness talks, Food for thought avoidance of addiction, Don’t drain your brain – importance of sleep were organized.


Mumbai—9 Activities

Talks were given at Jaslok Hospital Mumbai

Fali Poncha on Stroke, Joy Desai on Dementia, Pettarusp Wadia on Parkinson’s Disease, Joy Desai on Sleep, Ravishankar on Migraine, Anaita Udwadia on Epilepsy, and Azad Irani on Rehabilitation. Interviews of Nirmal Surya were published in two newspapers.


Ludhiana—2 Activities

Gagandeep Singh arranged two talks on epilepsy for the general public.


Trichy—4 Activities

Brain health awareness and a talent detection program for special children was organized at Trichy Central Library. M. A. Aleem gave a talk in school. Aleem published interview in newspaper. Talk on brain health on YouTube by M. A. Aleem.


Amaravati—2 Activities

Sikander Advani arranged a painting competition on World Brain Day. There were 157 entries. Exhibition of paintings was held, and prizes were given to best creative works.


Nanded—3 Activities

Pramod Dhonde held a painting competition on brain health for school children. He also organized a Brain Quiz and gave a talk on stroke, migraine, and brain.


Cuttack—3 Activities

Siumyadarshan Nayak organized an essay writing competition in School in Barhampur and held a drawing competition for school children. He also did an awareness program for school children.


Hyderabad—2 Activities

Interviews of Subhash Kaul and Suresh Kumar were published in newspapers.


Lucknow—2 Activities

Two interviews of Rajesh Verma were published in Live Hindustan and Jagran.


Pune—1 Activity

Talk by Shripad Pujari on lifestyle modification.


Amritsar—1 Activity

Jaslovleen Kaur has written a poem on dementia.


Patna—1 Activity

Ujjawal Roy composed a song on brain health.


Jaipur—1 Activity

Talk by Bhawna Sharma on brain health.


Ahmedabad—4 Activities

Interviews of Sudhir Shah and Heli Shah were published in four newspapers and periodicals.

More activities were done at other centers but their reports were not available at press time.


FM Radio

Twenty two neurologists gave messages on brain health on FM radio.

There were 45 interviews of neurologists on Red FM Radio.


Social Media

114 tweets, 360 posts on social media. 1,410 viewers on Instagram, 6,458 on Facebook and 11.5 K on Twitter.


Run for Brain

Twenty eight neurologists in runners groups from different regions participated in this event and completed 2.4 million steps during the week. •

Chandrashekhar Meshram is co-opted trustee of the WFN. Nirmal Surya is president of the Indian Academy of Neurology. U. Meenakshisundaram is head of the department of neurology at SIMS hospital in Chennai, India.

Latin America Joined the World Brain Day 2022

By Jessi Arita and Marco T. Medina, FAAN, FEAN

MARCO T. MEDINA

Latin America joined the World Federation of Neurology (WFN) and the Pan-American Federation of Neurological Societies (PAFNS) on the celebration of the World Brain Day 2022, which took place every July 22, with the purpose of sharing information and optimizing brain health, creating awareness on the prevalence of brain disorders, and reducing the global burden of neurological disorders.

The World Brain Day was promoted through webinars, social media posts, graphics, and journalistic articles about the proclamation of the World Brain Day, promotion of brain health, and functions of the brain.

México, Cuba, Honduras, Perú, Argentina, and Uruguay, among other countries, as well as academic institutions such as the National University of Córdoba, Argentina, and National Autonomous University of Honduras (UNAH), Honduras, contributed in creating attention on non-communicable neurological diseases, that according to the Brain Health Initiative WFN, represent 6.3% of all global disability, including stroke, migraine, tension-type headache, Alzheimer´s disease, dementia, Parkinson´s disease, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, and motor-neuron diseases.

The faculty of Medical Sciences of the National University of Córdoba remembered the day as a chance to carry out campaigns so that society is aware of brain disease and on how the WFN took the initiative to give importance to brain health.

The official newspaper of the National Autonomous University of Honduras (UNAH), Presencia Universitaria, through the article “UNAH and PAFNS invite to the World Brain Day,” motivated the university community to the World Brain Day and to the webinar “Brain Health for All,” featuring Prof. Wolfgang Grisold, WFN president, Prof. David Dodick, WFN co-chair, Prof. Tissa Wijeratne, WFN co-chair, and Dr. Tarun Dua, medical officer of the Brain Health Unit, the World Health Organization.

It encouraged the sharing of WFN posts, messages, and videos with friends and colleagues; partnering with local neurological societies and organizations to promote such activities, and the use of free educational resources to lead World Brain Day campaigns.

Likewise, the newspaper socialized that through the editorial “Brain health as a global priority,” view from WHO: Editorial from the World Federation of Neurology in the Journal of the Neurological Sciences, the WFN shared support for the concepts that the brain is the mediator of all human action and experience, and that neurology requires a multidisciplinary approach with a person-centered approach.

Presencia Universitaria also informed that through a correspondence letter published in The Lancet Neurology “Brain health for all on World Brain Day 2022,” WFN members invited readers to participate

World Brain Day 2022 in Malaysia

By Shanthi Viswanathan

Display of banners, balloons, and pamphlets at the Tunku Abdul Rahman Neuroscience Institute.

On the July 22, 2022, the Neurology Department at Kuala Lumpur Hospital, Malaysia, celebrated “World Brain Day” in conjunction with the World Federation of Neurology’s theme of “ Brain Health for All.” The theme for this year’s celebration is very meaningful, inclusive, and diverse. The neurology department at Kuala Lumpur Hospital is part of the Tunku Abdul Rahman Institute of Neurosciences. It is a major national tertiary referral center for neurological conditions.

Hospital Deputy Directors, Dr. Hajjah Shahrum and Dr. Fairoz officiating the World Brain Day on July 22, 2022, at the department of neurology at the Kuala Lumpur Hospital in Malaysia.

As part of the World Brain Day celebrations, there were posters, banners, and pamphlets on common neurological conditions such as epilepsy, stroke, headache, and multiple sclerosis and related disorders, as well as electronic gimmicks such as a brain model with decorative lighting and music in the clinics at the Specialist Ambulatory Care Center and IKTAR ground floor.

Display of World Brain Day corner at the Neurology Clinic, SCACC.

During the celebration on the July 22 and the week following, all members of the neurology department including the porters, department clerks, secretaries, medical assistants, nurses, neurophysiology technicians, medical officers, specialist registrars, and consultants participated in creating awareness about common neurological conditions and preventive measures emphasizing a healthy diet and exercise to reduce the occurrence of a number of these debilitating conditions. A number of the department registrars also came up with useful short educational videos in English and the national language Bahasa Melayu with useful infographics on stroke, epilepsy, headaches and multiple sclerosis to be played continuously during the peak clinic hours from 7:30 a.m.- 5 p.m. Monday through Friday. During the clinic hours, senior day care nurses also taught patients attending the Tuesday and Thursday clinics finger exercises and mind exercises to stay alert and engaged. By participating, we hope to empower patients with neurological diseases to be more self aware and mentally positive about their diseases. We also hope this will spur patients, caregivers, and the public to work toward improved access to investigations and treatments for neurological diseases such as epilepsy, stroke, and multiple sclerosis and related disorders.

World Brain Day celebration with the neurology department staff.

Our department hopes to continue to celebrate this wonderful event in the future and further improve awareness, knowledge, and access to both preventive and maintenance treatments for neurological disorders among Malaysian patients.

We sincerely thank the World Federation of Neurology for spearheading this initiative and collectively look forward to next years “World Brain Day Celebrations.” •

 

Dr. Shanthi Viswanathan MBBS (India), FRCP(Ireland), Fellowship in Neurology (Malaysia) is consultant neurologist and head of the department of neurology at the Kuala Lumpur Hospital in Malaysia.

Written on behalf of the World Brain Day Neurology Department Celebration Committee

  • Dr. Ahmad Shahir
  • Dr. Suganthi Chinnasami
  • Dr. Chey Shin Yee
  • Dr. Izyan
  • Dr. Elaine Chew
  • Dr. Nurasyikin Bt Arriffin
  • Staff Nurse Izwan
  • Sister Halizan
  • Matron Habibah
  • Matron Norizian
  • Puan Norhafizah Murad

Update on the AAN/WFN Continuum Education Program

By Steven L. Lewis, MD, and Andrea J. Weiss, MA

Steven L. Lewis, MD

Andrea J. Weiss

As this year marks my (SL’s) 10th year as editor-in-chief of Continuum: Lifelong Learning in Neurology, we’ve written this article to provide a brief update on the AAN/WFN Continuum Education Program for low- and lower-middle-income countries, a program that we are privileged to administer.

Continuum is the official CME Journal of the AAN and is currently in its 29th year of publication. Continuum is published six times per year, within a three-year curricular cycle of topics. This means that over every three-year period, all 15 “core” Continuum topics in neurology are covered, with three issues devoted to “noncore” topics (for example, topics such as the neurology of pregnancy) which are not necessarily covered in every three-year curricular cycle. See Table 1 for a list of core topics covered over every three-year cycle in Continuum.

The WFN/AAN Continuum program for low- and lower-middle-income countries occurs through the generous donation of 400 print copies of each issue of Continuum from the AAN and its publisher, Wolters-Kluwer, while also providing online access to issues. The program allows access for continuing education and self-assessment, point-of-care use, as well as use in Continuum user groups where the content is used as the basis for joint educational activities. Now being distributed to 49 countries worldwide, this important educational resource has been integral in the education and continued education for neurologists worldwide. Continuum user groups have included in-person and (increasingly) virtual meetings, using the material in each issue as a source of content for presentations and group discussions.

Continuum and the WFN

Given the importance of Continuum in worldwide neurology education, and in particular the continued education of neurologists in low- and lower-middle-income countries, the WFN has now created a Continuum subcommittee of the Education Committee, consisting of members from the AAN Continuum editorial office and members of the WFN executive leadership. This will enable enhanced mutual collaboration to continue to optimize the program’s evolution for the purpose of ensuring that this vital resource is available and utilized as optimally as possible globally.

Continuum’s Commitment to Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion

Continuum is committed to diversity, including within its editorial board as well as in the selection of guest editors and in the selection of content experts to write articles for each issue. All authors for Continuum are instructed to include relevant information in each article about health care inequities and disparities and some issues have even begun to incorporate entire articles devoted to this critically important topic1.

Summary

We are pleased that this vital resource has been so well received and used by so many neurologists (and trainees) worldwide. We look forward to continuing to provide this important educational journal to neurologists in low- and lower-middle-income countries and look forward to hearing from neurologists to learn of any ways that we can enhance this program for the goal of providing the most up-to-date information to neurologists throughout the world. •

Steven Lewis is acting secretary general of the WFN, editor-in-chief of Continuum: Lifelong Learning in Neurology, and editor of World Neurology. Andrea Weiss is executive editor for Education and News Publications for the AAN.

 

 

References:

  1. Balls-Berry JE, Babulal GM. Health disparities in dementia. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2022;28:872-884.

 

Continuum Core Topics

(always covered over every three-year curricular cycle of issues).

  • Behavioral Neurology and Psychiatry
  • Cerebrovascular Diseases
  • Dementia
  • Epilepsy
  • Headache
  • Movement Disorders
  • Multiple Sclerosis and Other Demyelinating Diseases
  • Muscle and Neuromuscular Junction Disorders
  • Neurocritical Care
  • Neuro-Infectious Diseases
  • Neurology of Systemic Disease
  • Neuro-Oncology
  • Peripheral Nerve and Motor Neuron Disorders
  • Sleep Neurology
  • Spinal Cord Disorders

 

Candidate Statements for WFN Secretary General, Elected Trustee

Below are the Candidate Statements for Secretary General and Elected Trustee. Three statements for Secretary General and four statements for Elected Trustee are listed in each category.

The Secretary General Candidate Statements, for the three candidates, in alphabetical order, are from:

  • Marianne de Visser
  • Steven Lewis
  • Tissa Wijeratne

The Elected Trustee Candidate Statements, for the four candidates, in alphabetical order, are from:

  • Chandrashekhar Meshram
  • Bo Norrving
  • Minerva López Ruis
  • Mohammad Wasay

 


Candidates sorted alphabetically

Marianne de Visser

Marianne de Visser

My name is Marianne de Visser. I am an adult neurologist from Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and (emeritus) professor of Neuromuscular Diseases at the University of Amsterdam.

I would like to apply for the position of Secretary General and I am deeply honored that the Nominating Committee recommended me—together with two other candidates—to the Membership.

I have been committed to the good cause of the WFN for several decades. First as a delegate on behalf of the Netherlands Society of Neurology, subsequently as an elected trustee (2002-2008), chair of the Nominating Committee, co-opted trustee (July 2020 through December 2021) and recently President Wolfgang Grisold appointed me as chair of the Membership Committee and vice chair of the WFN Congress Committee. I have witnessed the growth of WFN. The increasing membership, but also the expanding role of the WFN in several impactful initiatives worldwide are clear signs of leadership.

The close collaboration with the WHO has borne fruit for neurology. The then President Johan Aarli coordinated the Atlas Project, resulting in the publication of its first edition in 2004, showing the country resources for neurological disorders. In 2017, the second edition was published, coordinated by past President Raad Shakir and Donna Bergen. The data shows that while the burden of neurological disorders is disproportionately high in low- and middle-income countries, health care services and resources are often scarce.

Another highlight of the collaboration with the WHO is the recent unanimous approval by the WHO Member States of the Intersectoral Global Action Plan on Epilepsy and Other Neurological Disorders. Elected Trustee Alla Guekht and Immediate Past President Bill Carroll together with the Global Neurological Alliance played a significant role in this.

The WFN puts many efforts in fulfilling its mission “Fostering quality neurology and brain health worldwide.” Among others by the launch of the Brain Health Initiative to promote prevention of brain diseases and improving the outcomes of those living with brain diseases. The World Brain Day is an extremely successful recurring event on July 22, this year focusing on “Brain Health for All” conveying five important messages: Awareness, Prevention, Advocacy, Education, and Access.

Several WFN programs focus on education, in particular aimed at residents and early career neurologists. The COVID-19 pandemic was a tragedy in many aspects, but the coronavirus silver lining was the huge uptake of virtual meetings and the implementation of virtual health care. Both developments greatly facilitate access to education and health care.

President Grisold states in his column in World Neurology that the WFN will need to take diversity, equity, and inclusion into consideration in its strategy, that the needs of early career neurologists require specific attention and action, and that a platform for patient organizations should be installed in the WFN infrastructure. I embrace those initiatives, and I am fully committed to serve the WFN as Secretary General to make those initiatives a success in close collaboration with the trustees and the indispensable colleagues from the head office. •

 

Steven Lewis

Steven Lewis

It has been a privilege serving as WFN acting secretary general since January 2022, elected trustee since 2016, and co-opted trustee prior to that. In these and many other WFN roles, I remain indebted to this organization and the opportunities it has provided me to help achieve the WFN mission.

My involvement with the WFN occurred coincident with my AAN appointment as editor-in-chief of Continuum, where a joint WFN/AAN program provides print and online access to Continuum to neurologists from over 49 neurological societies from low/lower-middle income countries. As a general neurologist, educator, academician, and editor, I have worked tirelessly on this critical resource while continuing to find ways to enhance the program and its access.

In my expanding roles at the WFN, and for which I am available 24 hours a day given our worldwide constituency, I have become integrated into the daily workings of this organization for global neurologic education, training, practice, and advocacy.

As editor of World Neurology for the past seven years, I have the responsibility to report on news about neurology to neurologists worldwide. As chair of the Education Committee, I have the privilege to help create and hone educational opportunities in the form of department visits, fellowships, and full neurologic training, junior travelling fellowships, and many other educational programs and research grants to neurologists/trainees especially from lower- and lower-middle income countries who otherwise wouldn’t be able to access such opportunities. As Teaching Course chair of WCN 2019 (Dubai), 2021 (Rome/virtual), and Congress Committee Chair of WCN 2023 (Montreal), I have led the creation of programs attended by thousands of participants to learn from world-class speakers.

In all my WFN responsibilities, I have the privilege of collaborating with esteemed colleagues from regional and national societies and committees and related organizations, co-trustees, and WFN presidents, and from our talented hard-working staff. The knowledge, expertise, and camaraderie of all has been invaluable in improving my effectiveness to our organization.

If elected as Secretary General, I pledge to continue in this role to help achieve the WFN’s mission via ongoing collaboration with national and regional neurologic societies and organizations (including the WHO in our increasing partnership); grow our regional teaching centers and department visits for neurologic training to expand within and beyond the current regions to include any region where neurologists are underrepresented; leverage virtual opportunities; increase awareness of all WFN opportunities for all neurologists worldwide; and react quickly to novel regional or global neurological threats. I also look forward to completing the initiative President Grisold and I spearheaded to develop and distribute a practical Global Neurologic Core Curriculum addressing the minimal required knowledge, skills, training experiences, and overall competencies of neurologists, while recognizing regional variations in resources, funding, and diseases.

I would be honored to be elected to continue as WFN Secretary General, in which I would continue to work around the clock to faithfully serve our delegates and all neurologists for the mutual goal of improved neurological access and the highest quality of neurology and neurological health worldwide. •

 

Tissa Wijeratne

Tissa Wijeratne

What an exciting time to be in WFN! It is an incredible honor to have been nominated for the WFN Secretary General election this year. Brain health is in peril globally. One in three of us has a brain disorder. Brain disorders are the leading cause of disability and the second leading cause of death globally. Two-thirds of these occur in low- to middle-income countries. Different regions of high-income countries demonstrate vast disparities in awareness, education, access to care, prevention, and rehabilitation. I have seen this imbalance in care firsthand during my youth in rural Sri Lanka, followed by culturally and linguistically diverse communities representing 166 nations in Western suburbs of Melbourne, Australia. I believe WFN can build on the successes of the last few decades, capitalize on IGAP, and advocate more for quality neurology and better brain health by improving local engagement and activities.

If elected, I will seek to enhance the inclusiveness and constant collaboration already at our society’s heart. We shall continue to work hard to support movers and shakers in brain health worldwide—not only neurologists, academics, and industry but also the billions of patients and families experiencing the effects of brain disorders. Advocacy and supporting local advocates will be a crucial component of my global vision for quality neurology and better brain health. We will continue to assist national societies, health ministers and ministries, aiming to deliver the IGAP for all neurological disorders in all regions during the next decade. Educational programs, grants, symposia, CME, traveling fellowships, accreditation, and postgraduate training programs will all be added to, enhanced or, in some cases, newly developed to help address this need globally. We are already doing a lot, but we can and will do more. Our many activities will continue to bring neurologists worldwide together, ensuring everyone’s voice is heard. Committee representation, additional scientific activities, and other advocacy campaigns shall be the tools we use to achieve this goal.

The WFN needs hard-working men and women who can dedicate themselves to improving brain health worldwide. To cohesively solve the issues facing neurologists across the globe, we can listen to, discuss, and assimilate the ideas of many. I will bring these qualities to our leadership group. As you know, I have already represented the global neurology community in WFN activities for nearly two decades. I am ideally poised to take up the responsibilities of Secretary General, as I bring experience from both sides of the world—from rural Sri Lanka to Australia and beyond. The World Brain Day campaign has already reached out to over one billion people since its genesis in 2014. Yet, there is more ground to cover, but our goals are achievable. With our already talented team, we can work together on this critically important task now.

More about me on my website www.tissawijeratne.net. I am on WhatsApp at +61430048730 if you need to clarify anything with me directly. •

 


Candidates sorted alphabetically

Chandrashekhar Meshram

Chandrashekhar Meshram

I am grateful to the Indian Academy of Neurology and the WFN for considering me worthy for the position of Elected Trustee.

Services to the WFN

I am indebted to WFN for giving me the opportunity to serve as co-opted trustee and as the president of Tropical and Geographical Neurology Specialty Group (TGNSG). In these roles, I have contributed to the mission of WFN “fostering quality neurology and brain health worldwide.” Through TGNSG, I organized 16 webinar sessions on neuro infections and gave opportunity to trainees from different regions of the world to sharpen their clinical skills through interaction with the experts. Our ongoing series “Inspiring People in Neurosciences” is a step in the same direction. All of these sessions are available on the WFN website. TGNSG also provides monthly updates of COVID-19 for the WFN website. I was also instrumental in getting the teaching sessions by Indian Academy of Neurology on the WFN website. I have planned the department visit program in India for residents from poor countries.

I have served on the Constitution and Bylaws Committee as a member for three terms and the WFN Scientific Program Committee for two terms. I took the challenge to resurrect Tropical Neurology SG by successfully organizing the first International Tropical Neurology Conference in 2017 in India. I was then given the responsibility as president of TGNSG. I was co-chair for INTROPICON II held in Brazil. TGNSG now is one of the most vibrant and active SGs of WFN. Because of these activities, I was appointed as a co-editor for the special issue of JNS on Tropical Neurology, section editor of Encyclopedia of Neurosciences for the section on Bacterial and Fungal infections, including Tropical Diseases and assistant editor of eNeurologicalSci.

The World Brain Day is the most eminent public awareness initiative of WFN. The public education campaigns are close to my heart. I have been actively organizing World Brain Day activities, and this year, we have planned 100 such activities in India. I have been the coordinator for the National Brain Week in India for the last 8 years. I have published about 350 articles for public education, including several in World Neurology.

The global burden of neurological diseases is massive, and there is a shortage of neurologists to deal with it. Therefore, I have been organizing educational programs for general physicians and pediatricians.

Goals

There is a glaring inequality in neurology care and education worldwide. The developing and underdeveloped countries lag behind in both these aspects because of lack of resources.  WFN is making every attempt to help them catch up, and I am committed to addressing it. We need to focus on the management and long-term care of neurological diseases in these resource crunch settings. Collaboration with WHO and other societies is important for brain health. If elected, I look forward to implementing recently adopted IGAP on Epilepsy and other neurological disorders.

The WFN board of trustees needs representation from developing countries. This need and a passion to work for the WFN are the reasons for standing for the post of an elected trustee. I would be grateful for your support. •

 

Bo Norrving

Bo Norrving

I am honored by my nomination as candidate for elected trustee of the WFN from the Swedish Neurological Society.

My work as a neurologist spans over several decades. I received my training at Lund University and had several short but very formative post-doc periods at Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard with Bob Ackermann and C. Miller Fisher. I have authored more than 600 publications, have an h-index of 111, and more than 100,000 citations. I am fully trained in general neurology, but my main focus has been clinical stroke with several seminal contributions that include pioneering clinical trials, clinical-imaging correlations, epidemiology, and development of stroke services

As a young neurologist, I attended my first World Congress in Neurology in Kyoto 1981. This event sparked my interest in the global aspects of neurology, international networking, and engagements in neurological societies. I served as president of the World Stroke Organization (WSO) from 2008 to 2012, and served as an executive till 2020. During my term as president, the WSO underwent a rapid expansion, with several new initiatives, and became closely involved with the WHO and the U.N. placing stroke in the focus on prioritized actions on non-communicable diseases. I participated in several high-level NCD meetings, including the landmark 2011 U.N. general assembly meeting, and I was portraited in Lancet Neurology 2013 as “Bo Norrving: Putting stroke on the world map.” I also had the opportunity to visit a large number of high income as well as low-middle income countries, get insights in stroke and neurology services in very different circumstances, and to establish a very large network.

I chaired the revision work of the cerebrovascular section for the ICD 11 at WHO. I played a key role in the important change to have all cerebrovascular diseases to form a single block under the section of Diseases of the Nervous System, which will have a profound effect on the positioning of stroke in several aspects in the future. I am currently a member of the Strategic and Technical Advisory Group on the Prevention and Control of NCDs (STAG-NCD) at WHO.

I have a longstanding and strong connection with the WFN as well as with regional neurological societies. During my terms as WSO executive, WSO and WFN established several collaborations, including the formation of the Brain Health Alliance. I have served for the WFN Educational, Scientific Program, and Finance Committees. I have been the Swedish delegate at the WFN on several occasions.

The WFN is the only global neurological organization and has an enormous potential to strengthen the position of neurology and improve neurological services. The Brain Health initiative, and the WHO Intersectorial Action Plan on Epilepsy and Other Neurological Disorders provide unique possibilities to make a change but will require hard work and advocacy skills. If elected as a WFN trustee, I will bring on my long experience in working with strategic development, governmental bodies, and advocacy in neurology. I am hard working and prestige free. Serving the WFN as an elected trustee would be a privilege.  •

 

Minerva López Ruis

Minerva López Ruis

I am Minerva López Ruiz, MD, and I have applied as a candidate for trustee of the WFN.

Among my relevant data, I am past president of the Mexican Academy of Neurology (MAN), current secretary of the Mexican Board of Neurology, representative for Latin America of the MAN, undergraduate professor at the medical schools of the Anahuac University and the Autonomous University of Mexico, as well as postgraduate professor at the General Hospital of Mexico (the largest public hospital in Mexico).

Within my activities in the WFN, I highlight that, in 2016, being president of the MAN and Dr. Raad Shakir being president of the WFN, it was my turn to organize and finance (getting support and sponsorships), the Pan-American Congress of Neurology. An event that I consider very successful, not only because of the more than 1,200 attendees and 149 speakers, but also because it allowed the re-foundation of PAFNS, by sponsoring the attendance of the Latin American representatives so that, during its assembly, they could achieve the necessary participation and votes to approve its new bylaws. Also, during that meeting, the logo was designed, and when it was approved, it was given to PAFNS as a gift and is still used today.

But I do not want this communication to focus on what I have done and my commitment to the WFN, but rather on my proposals to achieve growth of the WFN in the world, especially in Latin America, which I believe is a region where we still have little influence.

To achieve this goal, we have to consider that Spanish is spoken by more than 450 million people in the world (the majority in Latin America), being according to most statistics the second most spoken language in the world. That is why one of my proposals is that the educational material published by the WFN should also have a Spanish version.

A priority for me is education. I believe that we have a great area of opportunity to positively influence the dissemination of educational material, both for neurologists (specialists and trainees) as well as the general population. I will also propose, if elected, the realization of online, interactive clinical-pathological sessions, with the participation of the different neurological training centers, and transmitted to the entire Spanish-speaking world.

Another area of opportunity is, with the support of the neurological societies of each country, to develop diverse educational messages on neurological diseases, aimed at the general population, messages that address issues in which the stigma that marginalizes patients still prevails, for example, epilepsy in women (pregnancy, breastfeeding, etc.). Promoting these topics will bring the WFN closer to the neurological societies, to the societies with their population, but above all, it will benefit the patients.

For all the above, I would like to ask for your vote in the next WFN elections, with the promise that, if elected as trustee, I will work on these proposals and all those that you suggest to me and to which I am open to listen. •

 

Mohammad Wasay

Mohammad Wasay

I am currently Alicharan endowed professor of neurology at Aga Khan University Karachi, past president—Pakistan Society of Neurology and Pakistan stroke Society, president, Neurology Awareness and Research Foundation, Editor—Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences, Chief Editor—Jahan e Aasab (Neurology public awareness magazine), and Distinguished scholar COMSTECH (OIC). I have also served as a director of World Stroke Organization (WSO) and currently serving as Fellow of Pakistan Academy of Medical Sciences and Pakistan Academy of Sciences and Secretary of the Environmental Neurology speciality group (ENSG) of WFN.

I have worked with WFN for more than a decade as an active neurology advocate and researcher from South Asia. I was trained at Palatucci Forum and then received Advocacy Leader of the Year Award by American Academy of Neurology for my global advocacy contributions. I served as chair of theWFN Advocacy Committee for four years. This committee was instrumental in starting and organizing World Brain Day activities and promoting brain health across the globe. We organized many advocacy workshops during the Asian Oceanian Association of Neurology Conferences, Asian Pacific Stroke Conference, and World Congress of Neurology.

We are working at Aga Khan University to establish a network of neurology training and research in Kenya, Tanzania, Afghanistan, and Central Asia. We established the Asian Stroke Network with more than 20 centers in 10 Asian countries. This network has published many multicenter and multinational studies related to stroke in young and Asian women, stroke in pregnancy, and cerebral venous thrombosis in Asia. Currently, I am leading an initiative to establish OIC neurology academy to promote neurological care and training in developing Islamic countries. Recently, I have been appointed chair, specialty groups committee, by the WFN president.

I have trained more than 48 neurologists under my supervision. I have published more than 200 papers in peer-reviewed medical journals with impressive publications metrics (IF: 576; citations=5300, H- index 33 and I10 index 85) for a clinical neurologist in a developing third-world country. I have received many awards, including the Teachers Recognition Award by American Academy of Neurology, Gold Medal by Pakistan Academy of Medical Sciences, Gold Medal by Pakistan Academy of Sciences and Research Productivity Awards by Pakistan Council of Science and Technology. I have received 27 research and training grants (intramural and extra mural) as PI and co-PI. I have been an invited speaker at more than 120 conferences in 73 countries.

The growing burden of neurological diseases in the world has established WFN as an important stakeholder in global health. WHO has recently approved an intersectoral action plan for promotion of neurological care, training, and advocacy across the globe. We plan to promote brain health as a top agenda for WHO and United Nations. There is an inequity in neurology training and care across globe. South Asia, Central Asia, and Africa should be a center point for our future interventions. As a trustee, I could play a valuable role in promoting both agendas. Our advocacy committee and ENSG could play an important role in establishing WFN as a key player in global health. •

Major Activities of the WFN

By Wolfgang Grisold

Wolfgang Grisold

Wolfgang Grisold

Welcome to this issue of World Neurology.  We are glad to have several informative articles again. I wish to express my thanks to all concerned, including Steven Lewis and Walter Struhal, the editors of World Neurology. They make World Neurology successful and provide a valuable source of information on the WFN and global neurology.

WFN Major Events

Adoption of the Intersectoral Global Action Plan on Epilepsy and other Neurological Disorders

The first event in late May 2022 was the acceptance of the international global action plan on epilepsy and other neurological disorders 2022- 2031 (IGAP) by WHO Member States at the 75th World Health Assembly (WHA) in Geneva. I was personally present for the entire week in Geneva and made a statement in support of the IGAP on behalf of WFN as a non-State actor in official relations with WHO. In addition to the fantastic news of the acceptance of IGAP, I was privileged to attend the WHA and witness the re-election of Secretary General Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus. I had time to attend two side events, one held by the Alzheimer’s  Association and one held by One Neurology with the European Federation of Neurologic Associations (EFNA), which gave valuable information on some neurology topics.

Geneva conference

I also want to make a note of a joint webinar done with the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) on the occasion of IGAP being adopted that occurred on May 28. There is more detail on IGAP below and on the WFN website.

The next issue of the Journal of the Neurological Sciences (JNS) will publish an article written by the WHO, titled “Brain Health as a Global Priority,” which explains the brain health conceptualization from the WHO for the IGAP and will be accompanied by an editorial by the WFN trustees.

Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)

The second important news event is WFN’s application for the UN­—Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC).  The Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations at its 2022 Regular Session, held in May and June, decided to recommend the World Federation of Neurology for special consultative status with ECOSOC. This recommendation is subject to the endorsement of the Economic and Social Council, which will consider and take action on the committee’s recommendations at a management meeting in late July 2022.

Wolfgang Grisold at the WHO

One of the critical, wide-ranging activities of ECOSOC is the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The SDGs are a “blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all.” They address the global challenges we face, including health, poverty, inequality, climate change, environmental degradation, peace, and justice.

World Brain Day

Brain health and IGAP are closely connected with WFN’s World Brain Day (WBD).  This year, the topic of World Brain Day is Brain Health, with the tagline “Brain Health for All.” The WBD organizing committee has all six WFN regional associations involved in planning, and we hope to continue the momentum of this positive communication after July 22.

Wolfgang Grisold delivering the WFN statement.

The topic of brain health also links with our previous Brain Health Initiative, WHO’s Brain Health unit, the IGAP, and many other activities such as the EAN Brain Health summit. To celebrate WBD on July 22, the WFN will host a webinar, which will focus on key messages of brain health, provide statements from the regions, and offer a Q/A session. We hope the WFN Member Societies will be able to celebrate WBD in their countries and regions. A toolbox with useful WBD material can be downloaded from the WFN website.

Council of Delegates

The Council of Delegates meeting (COD) is the annual decisive meeting of the WFN. This year’s meeting will take place

Oct. 25, 2022, in Amsterdam, in conjunction with the ECTRIMS conference. It will be a live meeting of delegates, but we will also provide a hybrid platform for those who cannot attend.

An Officer and Elected Trustee will be voted on 1) the position of the Secretary-General (vacated by myself), and the position of one trustee (vacated by Steven Lewis). The WFN Nominating Committee has scrutinized the applications, and you will find their proposal and all the candidates’ statements on the website soon. As in all COD meetings, the Trustees’ Report and several other reports and documents will be presented to the delegates.­­

Voting will be electronic, before the in-person portion of the meeting. Instructions and help will be provided by the WFN secretariat.

Education, Training Centers, and Department Visits

One of the core activities and mission of the WFN is to promote quality neurology through education. We are glad that the educational activities of the WFN prosper, and the trustees have decided to add a 4-year complete training to Rabat and also a fellowship on stroke in Cape Town.

This increases our 4-year training positions in Africa to three, and the WFN 1-year fellowships in Africa to four. We are indebted to our Specialty Group on Neuromuscular Disease and their International Congress on Neuromuscular Disease (ICNMD), which sponsors an additional fellowship for neuromuscular diseases in Rabat and also has invited the last ICNMD trainee to the ICNMD congress in Brussels this year.

The next fellowship calls will be for Cairo and Mexico. A site for the Asian Training Center has not been decided upon.

The WFN`s mission to provide education is aimed not only at supporting individual training but to help and empower the regions in their efforts to train neurologists in high-standard WFN teaching centers. This activity in Africa is achieved jointly with African Academy of Neurology (AFAN), and in Latin America with the Mexican Academy of Neurology and Pan American Federation of Neurology (PAFNS).

The WFN Department Visits were paused during the COVID pandemic, and we have now advertised Department Visits for Austria, Canada, and Germany, with a total of nine positions open. We are grateful to our Member Societies for giving young neurologists this important opportunity.

Educational Days

The WFN has developed the concept of E-learning Days, which were initially aimed at Africa. This is a one-day concept with a mix of regional and international speakers. The WFN and AFAN have organized E-learning Days on stroke and epilepsy. This year‘s theme is movement disorders, to be held on Sept. 3.

In cooperation with AFAN and the International Headache Society Global Patient Coalition (IHS GPAC), we have had another virtual program on “Education in Headache to Healthcare Providers in Africa.” We want to thank our partners for their generous support.

Participation in the educational days is free, and a certificate of attendance can be obtained after providing feedback on the event.

The platform for the educational days has been well established, and many thanks to Riadh Gouider, who spent considerable time building this structure jointly with a Tunisian professional conference organizer (PCO).

Webinar

In March, the WFN held a webinar on “The Neural Regulation of Cancer,” organized by the WFN Specialty Group on Neuro-Oncology on the topic of “The Neural Regulation of Cancer.”

It was a high-quality webinar focusing on new aspects of neurobiology. This webinar was hosted with the successful cooperation of the Society for Neuro-Oncology (SNO) and had 300 attendees.

Congresses and Meetings

International Congress of Neuromuscular Diseases ICNMD

The WFN Neuromuscular Specialty Group, the ICNMD, is preparing for the congress in Brussels in July. All topics of neuromuscular diseases are covered, and it seems the large number of participants that was reached at the ICNMD 2018 in Vienna will be reached again. The local organizing chair is Prof. Gauthier Remiche from Brussels, and the PCO is ICS.

The WFN ICNMD will have a session on neuromuscular issues in low-income parts of the world, and will be chaired by Riadh Gouider and Wolfgang Grisold.

The next ICNMD congress will be in Perth in 2025, and a call for the ICNMD following Perth is going out soon.

World Congress of Neurology (WCN) 2023

The next WCN will be in Montreal, Canada, from Oct. 13-19, 2023.

The Canadian Neurological Society will co-host this congress, and the congress chair is Prof. Guy Rouleaux, WFN vice president.

The preparations for the scientific program are in full development and chaired by Prof. Matthew Kiernan. Please follow our website and social media for further developments and announcements. For the second time, this congress will be in part also virtually available as a hybrid.

World Congress of Neurology WCN 2025 Seoul

Following the WCN in Montreal, the next WCN in 2025 will take place in Seoul, South Korea, and the organizational work has been initiated.

EAN Vienna, June 2022 

At the end of June, the European Academy of Neurology (EAN) held its congress in Vienna, Austria. The WFN had a leadership meeting with the EAN, a joint session on brain health, and hosted a mixed live/virtual WFN trustee meeting. In addition to the Regional Teaching Course and the participation of the WFN in the Brain Health Summit, further cooperation was discussed.

We will continue to participate in meetings of each of the six regional associations and have joint sessions to discuss present issues and provide visions for the future.

Summary

The past months have been a success for neurology worldwide, with the WFN actively involved. Special thanks to the previous administration, Prof. Bill Carroll, who was supported by Prof. Alla Guekht and WFN Strategy and Program Director Kimberly Karlshoej, who proceeded with the important activity of relations with the WHO and IGAP and also laid the foundations of this continuing development.

Yet celebration needs to be followed by action, and the IGAP will need further work and implementation, which consists of awareness and advocacy for political action, treatment and therapy, rehabilitation, prevention, innovation, and research. All WFN Member Societies are invited to be involved in this global mission.

The implementation of IGAP is a vast worldwide advocacy project, which demands effort — both bottom-up and top-down approaches are needed. •

WHO World Health Assembly Adopts the Intersectoral Global Action Plan on Epilepsy and Other Neurological Disorders 2022–2031

By Kimberly Karlshoej, WFN Strategy and Program Director, and Wolfgang Grisold

Kimberly Karlshoej

The Intersectoral Global Action Plan on Epilepsy and Other Neurological Disorders 2022–2031 (IGAP) was adopted at the WHO’s World Health Assembly on May 27. This action plan will guide numerous countries in developing their national policies and eventually offer up a framework for best practices that will ensure better access to treatment and prioritize the promotion of brain health across the life course. It seeks to support the recovery, well-being, and participation of people living with neurological conditions while reducing associated deaths and disability due to these conditions, promoting human rights, and addressing the stigma and discrimination that people with neurological disorders often face.

The adoption of IGAP results from years of work and consultations with the WFN, other members of the Global Neurological Alliance, the WHO Secretariat and the Member States. Especially the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) and the International Bureau for Epilepsy (IBE), supported strongly by the WFN and several Member States, were able to convince the November 2020 World Health Assembly that epilepsy was a public health emergency and that an action plan was needed to address it.

WFN diagram iIlustrating the strategic objectives of IGAP.

Nervous system disorders and diseases are the leading cause of disability and the second-leading cause of death worldwide. WHO emphasizes that neurological disorders affect one out of three people. Neurological disorders significantly decrease quality of life while increasing costs for governments, communities, families, and individuals and cause sustained losses of productivity for economies. That’s why the global action plan is so vital. It sets strategic goals and reachable targets that will encourage countries to prioritize neurological diseases in their public health agendas.

The WFN is fully committed to the implementation of IGAP. Work relating to IGAP is ongoing, for example in improving neurology specialty, subspecialty, and health care worker training through WFN Training Centers, Department Visits, E-Learning Days, and the development of a Core Curriculum in Neurology. The Neurological Needs Registry will provide relevant comparative information to both the WHO, Member States, and WFN Member Societies. The WFN Trustees have nascent plans to implement advocacy training so that the WFN can help build the capacity of its Member Societies to reach, advise, and lobby their governments so that neurology is included in relevant ways in national policies. WFN will continue its public awareness campaigns such as World Brain Day, which has the theme of “Brain Health for All” this year. Finally, the WFN will continue to provide expert technical assistance to WHO. Over the next 10 years of IGAP, the WFN expects that the actions and policies put in place will contribute to saving lives and significantly reducing disability from neurological disorders worldwide.•

 

IGAP Summarized

The Intersectoral Global Action Plan on Epilepsy and Other Neurological Disorders 2022 – 2031 (IGAP) aims to improve access to care and treatment for people living with neurological disorders while preventing new cases and promoting brain health and development across the life course. It seeks to support the recovery, well-being, and participation of people living with neurological conditions while reducing associated mortality, morbidity, and disability, promoting human rights, and addressing stigma and discrimination through interdisciplinary and intersectoral approaches.

Vision

The vision of the intersectoral global action plan on epilepsy and other neurological disorders 2022–2031 is a world in which:

  • brain health is valued, promoted, and protected across the life course
  • neurological disorders are prevented, diagnosed, and treated, and premature mortality and morbidity are avoided
  • people affected by neurological disorders and their carers attain the highest possible level of health, with equal rights, opportunities, respect, and autonomy.

Goal

The goal of the intersectoral global action plan on epilepsy and other neurological disorders 2022–2031 is to reduce the stigma, impact, and burden of neurological disorders, including their associated mortality, morbidity, and disability, and to improve the quality of life of people with neurological disorders, their carers, and families.

The intersectoral global action plan on epilepsy and other neurological disorders 2022–2031 has the following strategic objectives:

  • raise policy prioritization and strengthen governance
  • provide effective, timely and responsive diagnosis, treatment, and care
  • implement strategies for promotion and prevention
  • foster research and innovation and strengthen information systems
  • strengthen the public health approach to epilepsy.

Strategic Objective 1

Raise policy prioritization and strengthen governance

Global target 1.1

75% of countries will have adapted or updated existing national policies, strategies, plans, or frameworks to include neurological disorders by 2031.

Global target 1.2

100% of countries will have at least one functioning awareness campaign or advocacy program for neurological disorders by 2031.

Strategic Objective 2

Provide effective, timely, and responsive diagnosis, treatment, and care

Global target 2.1

75% of countries will have included neurological disorders in the UHC benefits package by 2031.

Global target 2.2

80% of countries will provide the essential medicines and basic technologies required to manage neurological disorders in primary care by 2031.

Strategic Objective 3

Implement strategies for promotion and prevention

Global target 3.1

80% of countries will have at least one functioning intersectoral program for brain health promotion and the prevention of neurological disorders across the life course by 2031.

Global target 3.2

The global targets relevant for prevention of neurological disorders are achieved, as defined in:

  • the NCD-GAP
  • defeating meningitis by 2030: a global road map
  • every newborn: an action plan to end preventable deaths.

Strategic Objective 4

Foster research and innovation and strengthen information systems

Global target 4.1

80% of countries routinely collect and report on a core set of indicators for neurological disorders through their national health data and information systems at least every three years by 2031.

Global target 4.2

The output of global research on neurological disorders doubles by 2031.

Strategic Objective 5

Strengthen the public health approach to epilepsy

Global target 5.1

By 2031, countries will have increased service coverage for epilepsy by 50% from the current coverage in 2021.

Global target 5.2

80% of countries will have developed or updated their legislation with a view to promoting and protecting the human rights of people with epilepsy by 2031. •

Kimberly Karlshoej is strategy and program director for the WFN.

 

 

 

 

World Brain Day

Learn more about World Brain Day on July 22.

https://wfneurology.org/world-brain-day-background and  https://wfneurology.org/world-brain-day-2022

Environment, Climate, and Neurological Diseases

Webinar by the Environmental Neurology Specialty Group (ENSG).

By Safa Younis and Mohammad Wasay

Safa Younis and Mohammad Wasay

In honor of World Environment Day celebrated annually on June 5, the World Federation of Neurology (WFN) hosted a webinar to raise awareness and explore the relationship between environmental factors and the brain. This webinar unpacked variables such as climate change and chemical pollutants as risk factors for neurological disorders.

Esteemed neurologists from around the world spoke at this event, including Dr. Mohammad Wasay, who moderated the webinar, Dr. Wolfgang Grisold (WFN president), Dr. Gustavo Roman (ENSG president), Dr. Jacques Reis, Dr. Anna Ranta, Dr. Peter Spencer, Dr. Philip Landrigan, Dr. Serefenur Ozturk, Dr. Augustina Charway Felli, Dr. Hidehiro Mizusawa, Dr. Teresa Corona, and Dr. Alla Guekht.

Of the many themes discussed, Dr. Reis elaborated on environmental challenges that society faces and the neurologists’ role as the climate changes. He specifically examined the correlation between climate change and an increase in neurological diseases. He said that according to the World Economic Forum Davos: The Global Risks Report 2022 — climate action failure, extreme weather events, and biodiversity losses will likely be the most concerning global risks over the next decade. Further, Dr. Anna Ranta conferred the benefits of green spaces on vascular brain health. There is evidence that exposure to green spaces has a positive impact on stroke prevention, severity, and mortality. Dr. Peter Spencer discussed the climate-relevant neurotoxic botanicals linked with human motor-neuron diseases such as Lathyrus sativus, Cycas micronesica, Manihot esculenta, and Gyromitra esculenta. He demonstrated that these botanicals can be linked to certain neurological diseases such as Lathyrism, Cassavism, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis-Parkinsonism-Dementia Complex.

Dr. Philip Landrigan spoke about climate change, chemical pollution and the developing human brain. There is growing evidence that toxic chemicals can cause neurodevelopmental disorders in children, since they are more sensitive to chemicals in the environment compared to adults. Dr. Landrigan also expressed that there may be countless unrecognized chemicals causing neurotoxicity in children. He stated a great example of how lead was removed from gasoline, which was known to cause neurotoxicity. The benefits for this action included a 2- to 5-point gain in population mean IQ and a $200 billion annual economic benefit to the U.S. through increased economic productivity of more intelligent and creative children, simply by removing one neurotoxic chemical from the environment. Dr. Gustavo Roman shared lessons learned from COVID-19 from an environmental point of view.

Dr. Wolfgang Grisold concluded the program by emphasizing the importance of this discussion in our everyday lives. This enlightening webinar encourages future research that assesses the correlation between environmental factors and neurological conditions.

Dr. Serefnur Ozturk (ENSG vice president) emphasized policy changes to improve air pollution and brain health. Dr. Augustina Charway (African Academy of Neurology president) discussed brain health challenges in Africa. •

Mohammad Wasay is Alicharan Endowed Professor of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Aga

Khan University, Karachi, and Secretary General, Environmental Neurology Specialty group, WFN.

Todd, Faraday, and the Electrical Activity of the Brain

By Edward Reynolds

Electrical concepts of brain activity became widely established in neurology and psychiatry in the 1930s following the discovery of the human electro-encephalograph by Hans Berger (1873-1941) in the 1920s. However, such concepts were first formulated and confirmed almost a century earlier in the 1840s by Robert Bentley Todd (1809-1860), influenced by his contemporary in London, Michael Faraday (1791-1867), who at that time was laying the foundations of our modern understanding of the interchangeable polar forces of electricity and magnetism.

Robert Bentley Todd

Robert Bentley Todd (1809-1860)

Todd was born in Dublin, the second son of a large and distinguished Anglo-Irish family, whose father, Charles Hawkes Todd, was professor of anatomy and surgery at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland of which he was also president in 1821. He trained in Medicine at Trinity College and the Richmond Hospital, where he was influenced by Robert Graves (1796-1853). He qualified at his father’s college in 1831 and immediately proceeded to England where in 1833 he was awarded a BM by Oxford University. In 1836, at the remarkable age of 27 years, he was appointed to the chair of physiology and morbid anatomy at King’s College in London. Todd was the prime mover in founding King’s College Hospital in 1840 where he became its most eminent physician. He was a gifted teacher and administrator who transformed the fortunes of the Medical School of which he became the first dean in 1842. His lectures on physiology were the first of their kind in the U.K. and prompted other medical schools to emulate. By 1838, he was already elected a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and the Royal Society in London.

As a scientific physician, Todd made several contributions to the understanding and treatment of infectious, gastro-intestinal, and rheumatic diseases, but his main interest was always the nervous system. His many outstanding observations in neuroanatomy, neurohistology, neurophysiology, neuropathology, and clinical neurology are described in several major works. He was the first to identify the functions of the posterior columns of the spinal cord and to separate spinal ataxia from spinal paraplegia. Gowers credits Todd with the first exact account of locomotor ataxia or tabes dorsalis and “if any name is attached to it, that of Todd alone can be right.” His clinical lectures on paralysis, based on the clinical and pathological study of 83 cases, are a milestone in the history of stroke. They include the first description of transient post-ictal paralysis, which a generation later John Hughlings-Jackson (1835-1911) referred to as “Todd’s Paralysis” and for which Todd is perhaps best remembered today, although it is a small part of his contribution to neurology. He also distinguished the “irritating” (epileptic) from the “paralyzing” phenomena of cerebral lesions, which are now associated with the later similar concepts of Jackson who used the words “discharging” and “destroying.”

Michael Faraday

Michael Faraday (1791-1867)

Michael Faraday was born in London into a poor blacksmith’s family. He had little education but, as an apprentice bookbinder, he devoured the scientific books he was binding. Through his own initiative and good fortune, he was appointed in 1813 as a laboratory technician to Sir Humphrey Davy (1778-1829), professor of chemistry and director at the Royal Institution in Albemarle St., London, close to King’s College in the Strand. Among Davy’s important achievements, he discovered sodium, potassium, chlorine, calcium, and magnesium, using the Voltaic Pile. Faraday remained at the Royal Institution for more than 50 years, rising to surpass Davy and to become one of the greatest experimental philosophers of all time. The practical consequences of his discoveries have profoundly influenced the nature of civilized life.

Faraday studied all forms of electricity: voltaic, common, magneto, thermo, and so-called “animal” electricity, and considered that the various types were fundamentally the same. He examined the inter-conversion of energies, not only electricity and magnetism, but also light, heat, and gravity, which was the basis for the later law of the conservation of energy. His meticulous diaries record that on Oct. 22, 1838, Todd was present during his experiments on the “animal” electricity generated by the electric eel (Gymnotus). Also present on that occasion were two of Todd’s distinguished colleagues from King’s College: Prof. John Frederick Daniell (1790-1845), who was the first professor of chemistry (1831-1845) and invented the first constant cell battery (the Daniell battery) and Prof. Charles Wheatstone (1802-1875), who was the first professor of experimental philosophy (1834-1875) and developed the first electric telegraph. Both were good friends of Faraday, sharing a common interest in electricity, and no doubt they introduced him to Todd, their new, young technical scientific colleague.

The Electrical Basis of Nerve Conduction and Brain Activity

A central nervous system “vesicle” and related “fibers” (neurone in later terminology). From Todd R.B. and Bowman W. The physiological anatomy and physiology of man – Volume 1, Parker, London, 1845

Todd applied the electrical concepts of Faraday to nervous conduction and to brain activity, especially epilepsy. He wrote: “Adopting the language of the illustrious Faraday which expressed with clearness and precision the fundamental phenomena of the electric force, we may call the nervous power a polar force, generated in the centres and propagated by the rapid polarization of the neighboring particles in various directions.”

With his junior colleague William Bowman (1816-1872), Todd was a pioneering microscopist and neurohistologist. He was the first in the U.K. to apply Schwann’s (1839) cell theory to the nervous system. He recognized that the “vesicles” he observed corresponded to Schwann’s cell bodies. Furthermore, the vesicles had one or several nerve fibers (later called axons) connected to them and that every nerve fiber was connected to a vesicle which was the point of departure for one or many fibers. He brilliantly foresaw that each nerve vesicle and its associated fibers, i.e. neurone in later terminology, was a distinct apparatus for the generation and propagation of “nervous polarity.” Todd was unquestionably the first to develop the concept of nervous polarity to explain nerve cell conduction, facilitated by the insulating properties of Schwann’s white matter (myelin). In the process, he introduced the concept of “afferent” and “efferent” into neuroscience to explain the direction of conduction. These were the foundation stones of what decades later became known as the “neurone doctrine.”

The Electrical Basis of Epilepsy

In his 1849 Lumleian Lectures to the Royal College of Physicians, Todd discarded current vascular or inflammatory theories of epilepsy and developed a radically new electrical theory based on his new understanding of nervous polarity, influenced by Faraday’s concepts of the interchangeable polar forces of electricity and magnetism. He had learned from Faraday how a rise in electrical tension could, at a certain threshold, result in a sudden change in polar state, like the spark from a battery or lightning. Todd conceived of epilepsy as “periodical evolutions of the nervous force comparable to the electrical phenomena described by Faraday under the name of ‘disruptive discharge’.” In convulsions, he envisaged the polar tension in the grey vesicular matter of the hemispheres and mesocephale rising to the highest degree and a rapid discharge taking place “exciting the other parts of the brain and spinal cord with all the violence of the discharge from a highly charged Leyden Jar.”

Todd investigated and confirmed his theory in rabbits utilizing galvanic stimulation with a magnetoelectric machine designed by Faraday. Tonic-clonic seizures were elicited by stimulation of the mesocephale and corpora quadrigemina. Stimulation of the spinal cord and medulla elicited tetanic muscular phenomena. The loss of consciousness in epilepsy he attributed to the involvement of the highest hemispheric vesicular grey matter. It was not until 20 years later that Fritsch and Hitzig discovered the motor cortex in electrical stimulation experiments in dogs, but Todd was aware that superficial tuberculous or syphilitic lesions of the human cortex could result in unilateral motor convulsions in the limbs on the opposite side of the body. He stated: “Hence, we must not deny to these hemispheric lobes a certain power of exciting motion either directly or indirectly through their influence on other ganglia of the brain.”

Subsequent Developments

Electrical concepts of brain activity were not widely accepted until the discovery of the human EEG by Berger in the 1920s although further hints can be traced to the cortical stimulation experiments of Gustav Fritsch (1838-1927) and Eduard Hitzig (1839-1907) and of David Ferrier (1843-1928), and also the evoked potential studies of Richard Caton (1842-1926), all in the 1870s. Epilepsy continued to be widely viewed as a disorder of the cerebral circulation until the 1930s, when EEG studies confirmed the concept of electrical discharges in seizures of different types.

By then, Todd’s studies, concepts, and priority had been forgotten. Some retrospectively gave credit to Jackson for his concept of “discharges of grey matter,” but Jackson never acknowledged Todd’s priority even in his own Lumleian Lectures on the same topic of epilepsy a generation later in 1890. The philosophical Jackson admitted he had no knowledge of physics, and he tended to rely on Ferrier on scientific matters. It is unlikely that the neurophysiologist Ferrier was unaware of Todd’s priority as he worked at the same King’s College Hospital and regularly passed Todd’s statue in the lobby of the hospital.

In 1906, Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852-1934) and Camillo Golgi (1843-1926) received the Nobel prize for their contribution to the “neurone doctrine,” the foundations of which were already laid by Todd but not acknowledged. In 1963, Alan Hodgkin (1914-1998) and Andrew Fielding Huxley (1917-2012) received the Nobel prize for identifying the ionic basis of Todd’s nervous polarity. Interestingly, the theory involved the same ions that Faraday’s mentor, Sir Humphrey Davy, had discovered, i.e. sodium, potassium, chlorine, calcium, and magnesium. The table illustrates the progression over a century and a half of our knowledge of brain electricity or nervous polarity from Davy’s discovery of the appropriate ions through the work of his pupil Faraday, who so profoundly influenced his clinical and scientific contemporary in London, Todd, down to the discovery of the ionic basis of neurotransmission by Hodgkin and Huxley.

Conclusion

Todd died in 1860, the same year as the foundation of the National Hospital for the Paralysed and Epileptic in Queen Square, a short walk from the first King’s College Hospital founded by Todd. His colleagues were so impressed with his many achievements that they commissioned a statue which stands today outside the third King’s College Hospital on Denmark Hill, South London. This was in recognition of his contribution to King’s College, to the hospital, to clinical and scientific medicine, including paralysis, and to medical and nursing education. What is not mentioned and was little understood at the time was his contribution to neuroscience, especially the electrical basis of nerve conduction and brain activity, and its application to neurology, especially epilepsy, influenced by his contact with and understanding of the scientific achievements of Faraday. Todd was so far ahead of his time that many of his neuroscientific achievements were overlooked, soon forgotten and credited to others, but now deserve greater recognition by historians of neuroscience and neurology. •

Edward H. Reynolds MD, FRCP, FRCPsych, works in the Department of Clinical Neurosciences at King’s College, London, U.K.

 

References

Binder/ DK, Rajneesh/ KF, Lee/ DJ, Reynolds E.H, Robert Bentley Todd’s contribution to cell theory and the neuron doctrine. Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 2011;20:123-134

Reynolds E.H. Todd, Faraday and the electrical basis of brain activity. Lancet Neurology 2004;3: 557-563

Reynolds E.H. Jackson, Todd and the concept of ‘discharge’ in epilepsy. Epilepsia 2007;48:2016-2022

Reynolds E.H. Robert Bentley Todd. In: Pioneers of Irish Neuroscience: a history of brain science in Ireland. Eds: Kelly A, Zarka Z, Roche R. Lettertec Publishing, Cork, 2022, pp47-51

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